Foliar Spectral Features
Paul J. Curran, (1989), Remote Sensing of Foliar Chemistry, ‘Remote Sensing of Environment' 30:271-278 (1989)

Wavelength(nm)__Mechanism__Chemical(s)

• 0430_Electron transition_Chlorophyll a
• 0460_Electron transition_Chlorophyll b
• 0640_Electron transition_Chlorophyll b
• 0660_Electron transition_Chlorophyll a
• 0910_C-H stretch, 3rd overtone_Protein
• 0930_C-H stretch, 3rd overtone_Oil
• 0970_O-H bend, 1st overtone_Water, starch
• 0990_O-H stretch, 2nd overtone_Starch
• 1020_N-H stretch_Protein
• 1040_C-H stretch, C-H deformation_Oil
• 1120_C-H stretch, 2nd overtone_Lignin
• 1200_O-H bend, 1st overtone_Water, cellulose, starch, lignin
• 1400_O-H bend, 1st overtone_Water
• 1420_C-H stretch, C-H deformation_Lignin
• 1450_O-H stretch, 1st overtone,C-H stretch, C-H deformation_Starch, sugar, lignin, water
• 1490_O-H stretch, 1st overtone_Cellulose, sugar
• 1510_N-H stretch, 1st overtone_Protein, nitrogen
• 1530_O-H stretch, 1st overtone_Starch
• 1540_O-H stretch, 1st overtone_Starch, cellulose
• 1580_O-H stretch, 1st overtone_Starch, sugar
• 1690_C-H stretch, 1st overtone_Lignin, starch, protein, nitogen
• 1780_C-H stretch, 1st overtone/O-H stretch/H-O-H deformation_Cellulose, sugar, starch
• 1820_O-H stretch/C-O stretch, 2nd overtone_Cellulose
• 1900_O-H stretch, C-O stretch_Starch
• 1940_O-H stretch, O-H deformation_Water, lignin, protein, nitrogen, starch, cellulose
• 1960_O-H stretch/O-H bend_Sugar, starch
• 1980_N-H asymmetry_Protein
• 2000_O-H deformation, C-O deformation_Starch
• 2060_N=H bend, 2nd overtone/N=H bend/N-H stretch_Protein, Nitrogen
• 2080_O-H stretch/O-H deformation_Sugar, starch
• 2100_O=H bend/C-O stretch/C-O-C stretch, 3rd overtone_Starch, cellulose
• 2130_N-H stretch, Protein
• 2180_N-H bend, 2nd overtone/C-H stretch/C-O stretch/C=O stretch/ C-N stretch_Protein, nitrogen
• 2240_C-H stretch, Protein
• 2250_O-H stretch, O-H deformation_Starch
• 2270_C-H stretch/O-H stretch, CH2 bend/CH2 stretch_Cellulose, sugar, starch
• 2280_C-H stretch/CH2 deformation_Starch, cellulose
• 2300_N-H stretch, C=O stretch, C-H bend, 2nd overtone_Protein, nitrogen
• 2310_C-H bend, 2nd overtone_Oil
• 2320_C-H stretch/CH2 deformation_Starch
• 2340_C-H stretch/O-H deformation/C-H deformation/O-H stretch_Cellulose
• 2350_CH2 bend, 2nd overtone, C-H deformation, 2nd overtone_Cellulose, protein, nitrogen

Near infrared absorption of cellulose
(CU, Boulder, CSES Course on Hyperspectral Data Analysis, 1997, page 87)

Wavelength(nm)__Mechanism

• 1480_OH stretching overtone: cellulose and adsorbed water
• 1930_Adsorbed water
• 2100_OH and CH deformation modes+OH stretching
• 2280_CO stretching+OH stretching CH2 bending+CH2 stretching
• 2340_OH and CH deformation modes + OH stretching
• 2480_CO stretching+CH and CH2 stretching
   

Vegetation Index Formulas
(Chistopher D. Elvidge and Zhikang Chen, Comparison of Broad-band and Narrow-band Red Versus Near Infrared Vegetation Indices, Desert Research Institute, June 29, 1994)

Ratio Vegetation Index (RVI) = NIR/Red

• Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) = (NIR - red) / (NIR + Red)
• Soil Adjusted Vegetation Index (SAVI) = (1 + L)(NIR - red) / (NIR + red + L)
• Perpendicular Vegetation Index (PVI) = -cos a (red) + sin a (NIR), where a = angle between the soil line and the NIR axis
• Difference Vegetation Index (DVI) = NIR – red

Water Spectral Features
(CU, Boulder, CSES Course on Hyperspectral Data Analysis, 1997, pages 35 & 36)

Water Vapor Absorption Fundamentals:

• n 1 = 3657.05 cm -1 = 2.734 m m symmetric stretch
• n 2 = 1594.75 cm -1 = 6.271 m m bend
• n 3 = 3755.93 cm -1 = 2.662 m m asymmetric stretch

Important Water Vapor Absorptions:

• n 2 + n 3 = 1.865 m m
• n 1 + n 3 = 1.379 m m
• n 1 + n 2 + n 3 = 1.135 m m
• 2 n 1 + n 3 = 0.942 m m

Liquid Water Absorption Fundamentals:

• n 1 = 3219.57 cm -1 = 3.106 m m
• n 2 = 1644.74 cm -1 = 6.08 m m
• n 3 = 3444.71 cm -1 = 2.903 m m